Current Affairs Notes for IAS Exam

What is HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS (HPV)?

• HPV is a type of virus, of which there are more than 100 types.
• ‘Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)’ causes penile cancer in men and cervical, vaginal, anal & vulvar cancer in women.
• It can also cause throat or rectum cancer in both men and women.

• The virus is transmitted through intimate contact like – sexual intercourse, oral or anal sex.
• It poses a higher risk for HIV-infected persons, smokers, and people dependent on hormonal contraceptives.
• The Vaccine – In India, two vaccines namely “Gardasil” & “Cervarix” are available.

What is Molnupiravir?

• Molnupiravir is an experimental antiviral drug that is orally active and was developed for the treatment of influenza.
• It is a drug of the synthetic nucleoside derivative N4-hydroxycytidine, and exerts its antiviral action through the introduction of copying errors during viral RNA replication.

• Molnupiravir is being developed by the biotechnology firm Ridgeback Biotherapeutics in collaboration with pharmaceutical firm Merck.
• The research team repurposed MK-4482/EIDD-2801 against SARS-CoV-2 and tested it on ferrets.
• This is the first demonstration of an orally available drug to rapidly block SARS-CoV-2 transmission and it can be a game-changer.

Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad

• The word ‘akhara’ literally means a wrestling arena, and the akhara system is believed to have been started by Adi Shankaracharya in the 8th century AD to prepare a warrior class that could fight for Hinduism against foreign invaders.
• The reason behind creating a force of monks and seers was that they would not have a family of their own, and hence would not be weakened by materialistic desires.

• Initially, there were four akharas, but their numbers increased with time. As of now, there are officially 13 akharas divided by their belief systems.
• The Sanyasi sampradaya has seven akharas – Juna Akhara, Avahan Akhara, Agni Akhara, Niranjani Akhara, Anand Akhara, Nirvani Akhara and Atal Akhara.
• The Vaishnao sampradaya has three akharas, namely Nirmohi Akhara, Digambar Akhara and Nirvani Ani Akhara.
• There are three akharas which worship Guru Nanak Dev – Bada Udasin Akhara, Naya Udasin Akhara and Nirmal Akhara
• In 1954, the Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad was established with the main aim of organising and managing the Kumbh Mela, the largest religious congregation in the world attended by millions of Hindus. Another duty of the ABAP is to promote coordination between different akharas and settle disputes between them

What are the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions?

• The industrial sector is responsible for the lion’s share (35%) of overall greenhouse gases (GHG) — including methane and nitrous oxide — released into the atmosphere.

• At 20%, agriculture, forestry and change in land use collectively account for the second greatest source of GHG emissions.
• Over the last two decades, the annual amount of tree cover lost has gradually increased. Russia, Brazil, and the United States were the world’s biggest drivers of deforestation in 2020.

 
What is the Global Methane Pledge?

• The pledge was first announced in September by the US and EU and is essentially an agreement to reduce global methane emissions. One of the central aims of this agreement is to cut down methane emissions by up to 30 per cent from 2020 levels by the year 2030.

• According to the latest Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change report, methane accounts for about half of the 1.0 degrees Celsius net rise in global average temperature since the pre-industrial era.

What is methane?

• According to the UN, 25 per cent of the warming that the world is experiencing today is because of methane, a greenhouse gas, which is also a component of natural gas. Because it is a greenhouse gas, its presence in the atmosphere increases Earth’s temperature
• There are various sources of methane including human and natural sources.
• Human sources of methane include landfills, oil and natural gas systems, agricultural activities, coal mining, wastewater treatment, and certain industrial processes.
• The oil and gas sectors are among the largest contributors to human sources of methane.
• In India, for instance, in 2019, the Ministry of Coal asked state-run coal miner Coal India Limited (CIL) to produce 2 MMSCB (million metric standard cubic metres) per day of coalbed methane (CBM) gas in the next 2 to 3 years.

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𝐅𝐀𝐂𝐈𝐋𝐈𝐓𝐈𝐄𝐒 𝐖𝐄 𝐀𝐑𝐄 𝐏𝐑𝐎𝐕𝐈𝐃𝐈𝐍𝐆:-
• 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐥𝐥 𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐬
• 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠
• 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐫𝐚 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐭𝐨 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬 𝐭𝐨 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲.
• 𝐖𝐢𝐅𝐢 𝐂𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐮𝐬
• 𝐒𝐦𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
• 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐍𝐞𝐰𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐩𝐞𝐫 & 𝐦𝐚𝐠𝐚𝐳𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐚𝐯𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞
• 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞𝐭𝐞 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐲 𝐌𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥
• 𝐖𝐞𝐞𝐤𝐥𝐲 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬
• 𝐃𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝟐𝟓 𝐐𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬 𝐎𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭
• 𝐃𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐬 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 (𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬-𝐜𝐮𝐦-𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬)
• 𝐃𝐚𝐢𝐥𝐲 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐀𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐫𝐬 𝐍𝐨𝐭𝐞𝐬 (𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬-𝐜𝐮𝐦-𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬)
• 𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬
• 𝐌𝐚𝐢𝐧𝐬 𝐓𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐬𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬
• 𝐄𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐲 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞
• 𝐀𝐧𝐬𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐖𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐏𝐫𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐜𝐞 𝐏𝐫𝐨𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐦𝐞
• 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐚𝐟𝐟𝐚𝐢𝐫 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬
• 𝐇𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐥𝐲 𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐭𝐲
• 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐂𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬
• 𝐏𝐞𝐫𝐬𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐳𝐞𝐝 𝐂𝐨𝐚𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐰𝐞𝐚𝐤 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐬.
• 𝐈𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐢𝐞𝐰 𝐬𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐛𝐲 𝐈𝐀𝐒/𝐈𝐏𝐒 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐬 & 𝐫𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐼𝐴𝑆/𝐼𝑃𝑆 𝑂𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑠.
• 𝐅𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐀𝐢𝐫 𝐂𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐞𝐝
• 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐞 𝐃𝐨𝐮𝐛𝐭 𝐒𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧
• 𝐄𝐱𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐨 𝐡𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥 𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐞𝐬.
• 𝐌𝐨𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐜𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐬𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐲 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐭𝐬.
• 𝐀𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐦/𝐎𝐧𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞
• 𝐑𝐞𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐜𝐥𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐞𝐬
• 𝐇𝐨𝐬𝐭𝐞𝐥 & 𝐏𝐚𝐲𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐆𝐮𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲.

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