A fourth strategy has also emerged wherein the government hopes to provide Central Asia with an alternate route to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC).
The development of the Shahid Beheshti terminal in Chabahar has hit geopolitical road-block after road-block; the biggest issue being Iran’s relationship with western countries, especially the U.S.

“The dream is not what you see in sleep, dreams are those that do not let you sleep”

NEPAL’S NEW CITIZENSHIP LAW

Recently, the Nepal President sent back the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2006 to the lower house of the Nepal Parliament urging the members to reconsider the Act.

The main criticism against the Act is that it goes against gender justice.
It says that a person who is born to a Nepalese mother and an unidentified father can be granted citizenship by descent. But if the father is a foreigner, the citizenship by descent would be converted to naturalised citizenship.
However, people of the Terai region and Madhesi parties support the Act.

FACIAL RECOGNITION TECHNOLOGY

RTI responses received by the Internet Freedom Foundation reveal that the Delhi Police treats matches of above 80% similarity generated by its facial recognition technology system as positive results.

· Facial recognition is an algorithm based technology which creates a digital map of the face by identifying and mapping an individual’s facial features, which it then matches against the database to which it has access.

The Delhi Police first obtained FRT for the purpose of tracing and identifying missing children as per the direction of the Delhi High Court in Sadhan Haldar vs NCT of Delhi.
Extensive research into FRT has revealed that its accuracy rates fall starkly based on race and gender.
This can result in a false positive, where a person is misidentified as someone else, or a false negative where a person is not verified as themselves.
The technology can also be used as a tool to facilitate state sponsored mass surveillance.

THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE (IDENTIFICATION) ACT, 2022

The Criminal Procedure (Identification) Act, 2022 provides legal sanction to law enforcement agencies for “taking measurements of convicts and other persons for the purposes of identification and investigation of criminal matters”. It came into effect from August 4.
Over the years, the need to amend/update the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920 has been voiced several times.
In 1980, the 87th Report of the Law Commission of India undertook a review of this legislation and recommended several amendments.
Multiple concerns have been raised about the new law. One of the main concerns is that unlike the Identification of Prisoners Act, 1920, the current law allows for “measurements” to be taken if a person has been convicted/arrested for any offence, including petty offences.
The necessity of taking measurements of such persons for investigation of offences is unclear and will probably lead to overburdening of systems used for collection and storage of these “measurements”.

GUARDIANSHIP AND ADOPTION LAWS

A Parliamentary Standing Committee tabled its report on August 8, 2022, in both Houses of Parliament on the ‘Review of Guardianship and Adoption Laws.
In its report the committee has said that there is an “urgent need to amend the HMGA and accord equal treatment to both mother and father as natural guardians.”
The Supreme Court’s landmark judgment in Githa Hariharan vs Reserve Bank of India in 1999 challenged the HMGA for violating the guarantee of equality of sexes under Article 14 of the Constitution.
The Adoption Regulations, 2017 is silent on adoption by LGBTQI people and neither bans nor allows them to adopt a child.

THE CASE OF THE MISSING SCIENTIFIC INDIAN

Context: The indifference to science and the lacking scientific temper among the Indian citizen is a cause of concern.

Background details related to modern science in India:

A solid foundation for modern science was built by the first Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the scientists of the mid-twentieth century.
The scientific temper was also given a place in the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment as a fundamental duty.

Article 51A: “It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.”

PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA – (PMGSY)

Pradhan Mantri Gramin Sadak Yojana is a Central government scheme.
The PMGSY is under the authority of the Ministry of Rural Development and was begun on 25 December 2000.
The project is funded by both the central government (60%) and states (40%).
The primary objective of the PMGSY is to provide Connectivity, by way of an All-weather Road (with necessary culverts and cross-drainage structures, which is operable throughout the year), to the not connected Habitations so far in the rural areas.
In respect of the Hill States (North-East, Sikkim, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttaranchal) and the Desert Areas (as identified in the Desert Development Programme) as well as the Tribal (Schedule V) areas, the objective would be to connect Habitations with a population of 250 persons and above.

· Mukhya Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana run by various state governments are the schemes that complement PMGSY, including in Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Gujarat, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.

· Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs has given its approval for continuation of PM Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) – I and PMGSY –II up to September 2022.

· Road Connectivity Project for Left Wing Extremism Affected Areas has also been extended up to March 2023.

GOODS AND SERVICES TAX (GST)

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is an indirect tax (or consumption tax) used in India on the supply of goods and services.
It was based on the recommendations of the Vijay Kelkar Committee.
Goods and services are divided into five different tax slabs for collection of tax: 0%, 5%, 12%, 18% and 28%.
However, petroleum products, alcoholic drinks, and electricity are not taxed under GST and instead are taxed separately by the individual state governments, as per the previous tax system.
The tax came into effect from 1 July 2017 through the implementation of the One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India by the Indian government.
The GST replaced existing multiple taxes levied by the central and state governments.
The tax rates, rules and regulations are governed by the GST Council which consists of the finance ministers of the central government and all the states.

NATIONAL SPORTS DAY

India celebrates National Sports Day on 29th August to commemorate the birth anniversary of hockey legend, Major Dhyan Chand.
The day is also dedicated to the nations’ sports heroes and champions, honoring their contribution and dedication towards bringing laurels to the country. With the aim to raise awareness about the values of sports: discipline, perseverance, sportsman spirit, teamwork, and to encourage public in large to take up sports and make it an integral part of their lives while emphasizing on the importance of being fit and healthy.

Sports Awards

Sports Awards are given every year to recognize and reward excellence in sports.
Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award is given for the spectacular and most outstanding performance in the field of sports by a sportsperson over a period of four years;
Arjuna Award is given for consistent outstanding performance for four years;
Dronacharya Award goes to the coaches for producing medal winners at prestigious international sports events whereas Dhyan Chand Award is for life time contribution to sports development.
Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puraskar is given to the Corporate entities and individuals who have played a visible role in the area of sports promotion and development.
Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy is given to university for overall top performance in inter-university tournaments.

PRADHAN MANTRI JAN DHAN YOJANA (PMJDY)

On the occasion of the 8th anniversary of PMJDY, Union Finance Minister- Smt Nirmala Sitharaman said that financial inclusion is a step towards inclusive growth which ensures the overall economic development of the marginalised sections of the society.

56% Jan-Dhan account holders are women and 67% Jan Dhan accounts in rural and semi-urban areas
About 5.4 crore PMJDY account holders received direct benefit transfer (DBT) from the Government under various schemes in June, 2022

Background

Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) is National Mission for Financial Inclusion to ensure access to financial services, namely, Banking/ Savings & Deposit Accounts, Remittance, Credit, Insurance, Pension in an affordable manner.

Objectives:

Ensure access of financial products & services at an affordable cost
Use of technology to lower cost & widen reach
Basic tenets of the scheme
Banking the unbanked – Opening of basic savings bank deposit (BSBD) account with minimal paperwork, relaxed KYC, e-KYC, account opening in camp mode, zero balance & zero charges
Securing the unsecured – Issuance of Indigenous Debit cards for cash withdrawals & payments at merchant locations, with free accident insurance coverage of Rs. 2 lakh
Funding the unfunded – Other financial products like micro-insurance, overdraft for consumption, micro-pension & micro-credit

Initial Features

The scheme was launched based upon the following 6 pillars:
Universal access to banking services – Branch and BC
Basic savings bank accounts with overdraft facility of Rs. 10,000/- to every eligible adult
Financial Literacy Programme– Promoting savings, use of ATMs, getting ready for credit, availing insurance and pensions, using basic mobile phones for banking
Creation of Credit Guarantee Fund – To provide banks some guarantee against defaults
Insurance – Accident cover up to Rs. 1,00,000 and life cover of 30,000 on account opened between 15 Aug 2014 to 31 January 2015
Pension scheme for Unorganized sector

SWACHH SAGAR, SURAKSHIT SAGAR/CLEAN COAST, SAFE SEA

“Swachh Sagar, Surakshit Sagar/Clean Coast, Safe Sea” Campaign, is a 75-day citizen-led initiative, aimed at improving the coastal and ocean health via community action.
The campaign began on July 5, 2022, and will culminate on 17Th September 2022 – International Coastal Clean-up Day.
The three strategic underlying objective of the Campaign is to alter and save the environment through behaviour change. The campaign’s three overarching goals are:

Consume Responsibly,
Separate waste at home, and
Dispose of waste responsibly.

The campaign is spearheaded by Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) in partnership of Ministry of Environment Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Indian Coast Guard, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), other central ministries/organisation and other social organizations and educational institutions.
The coastal clean-up campaign is being taken at 75 beaches along the coast line of with average 75 volunteers for every kilometre of coastline. National conference and workshop on conservation of Coastal Ecosystem, marine environment, safe beach, waste management, are being conducted.

Objective

The objective is to target lifestyle and behavioural changes that promote environmental sustainability, in line with the Hon’ble Prime Minister’s Global initiative on ‘Lifestyle for Environment (LiFE) Movement; calling for human centric and collective efforts to strengthen sustainable development.

SPECIAL MARRIAGE ACT (SMA), 1954

It is the legislation enacted in India to validate and register interreligious and inter-caste marriages.
It enables two individuals to enter into a civil contract for the purpose of solemnizing their marriage.
The Act makes no need for religious formalities to be followed.
Marriages between Hindus, Christians, Muslims, Sikhs, Jains, and Buddhists are all covered under this Act.
This Act extends not only to Indian citizens of different castes and religions but also to Indian nationals living abroad.

Current Petition

Section 5 of the SMA requires a person who intends to marry under this law to give notice of intended marriage.
Section 6(2) requires it to be affixed at a conspicuous place in the marriage officer’s office.
Section 7(1) allows any person to object to the marriage within 30 days of the notice’s publication, failing which a marriage can be solemnized under Section 7(2).
Because these provisions breached personal liberties, several interfaith couples approached the Court, challenging Sections 6 and 7 of the Act.

Interfaith Marriages

The matrimonial relationship developed between the 2 individuals having different religious faith.

At marrying into a different religion is a matter of choice for an adult, there are certain issues regarding the same.

What are the issues with Interfaith Marriage?

Interfaith marriages are considered to be the result of one of the spouses being forced to convert.
According to Muslim personal law, conversion of religion is the only way to marry a non-Muslim.
The Hindu religion forbids polygamy, and those who want to marry a second time must follow another course.
There is no provision for determining the caste of children born from such marriages.
The Special Marriage Act of 1954 is incompatible with society’s backwardness.
The validity of Article 226 is being debated in light of the high court’s annulment of an interfaith marriage.
Article 226: High courts have the power to issue certain writs.

What are the challenges with contemplating Laws for Interfaith Marriages?

Infringement on Fundamental Rights
Interference of the law in an individual’s marriage choice violates existing fundamental rights such as:
Article 14- Right to equality,
Article 19- Right to Freedom
Article 25 and Article 21- Freedom of Religion and Right to Life & Personal Liberty
Against Secularism
Secularism is one of the basic principles enshrined in the Indian Constitution.
The freedom to practice any religion of one’s choice is guaranteed by Article 25 of the Indian constitution.
As a result, inter-faith marriages are allowed in India since the constitution enables one to convert to a religion other than the one with which one was born, and the personal laws of the religion include provisions.
- A symmetrical with various Supreme Court decisions
The Supreme Court upheld the right to marry a person of one’s choice as part of Article 21 in Shafin Jahan v Ashok KM (2018).
According to the Supreme Court (SC), the Constitution protects each individual’s right to pursue a way of life or faith to which he or she seeks to adhere.
As a result, the right to marry the person of one’s choice is enshrined in Article 21 of the Constitution.
Furthermore, in K.S. Puttaswamy v UOI (2017), the Supreme Court declared the “right of choice of a family life” to be a fundamental right.
This shows that the law has profound patriarchal roots, in which women are infantilized, placed under parental and community control, and denied the right to take life decisions if such decisions are not agreeable to their guardians.

INS SUMEDHA

INS Sumedha is an indigenously built Naval Offshore Patrol Vessel deployed for multiple roles independently and in support of Fleet Operations.
She is part of the Indian Navy’s Eastern Fleet based at Visakhapatnam and functions under the operational command of the Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Eastern Naval Command.

NATIONAL CANCER GRID (NCG)

The National Cancer Grid (NCG) is an initiative of the Government of India through the Department of Atomic Energy and its grant-in-aid institution, the Tata Memorial Centre, to create a network of cancer centres, research institutes, patient groups and charitable institutions across India with the objective of developing uniform standards of patient care for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer; providing specialized training and education in oncology and facilitating collaborative basic, translational and clinical research in cancer.
NCG today has over 270 hospitals in its network across India.

NUCLEAR MATRIX

The nuclear matrix is like scaffolding (support).
Every cell that makes up an organism contains a copy of its genome.
This genome is packaged in special ways with the help of a structure known as the nuclear matrix.
The nuclear matrix gives an organisation and architecture to the nucleus.
The genome is in the nucleus, embedded and protected by the jelly-like nuclear matrix.
This is a dynamic material providing access for the regulation of different genes in different cells.
Studying the nuclear matrix is, therefore, very important to get a better picture of how precisely development progresses every time a new individual is born.
The new method treats the nuclei within the embryo itself, known as in situ nuclear matrix.

ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health and development threat.
It requires urgent multisectoral action in order to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
WHO has declared that AMR is one of the top 10 global public health threats facing humanity.
Misuse and overuse of antimicrobials are the main drivers in the development of drug-resistant pathogens.
Lack of clean water and sanitation and inadequate infection prevention and control promotes the spread of microbes, some of which can be resistant to antimicrobial treatment.
The cost of AMR to the economy is significant. In addition to death and disability, prolonged illness results in longer hospital stays, the need for more expensive medicines and financial challenges for those impacted.
Without effective antimicrobials, the success of modern medicine in treating infections, including during major surgery and cancer chemotherapy, would be at increased risk.

What are antimicrobials?

Antimicrobials – including antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals and antiparasitics – are medicines used to prevent and treat infections in humans, animals and plants.

What is antimicrobial resistance?

Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicines making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread, severe illness and death.
As a result of drug resistance, antibiotics and other antimicrobial medicines become ineffective and infections become increasingly difficult or impossible to treat.

WEST NILE VIRUS (WNV)

West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne disease in the continental United States.
It is most commonly spread to people by the bite of an infected mosquito.
Cases of WNV occur during mosquito season, which starts in the summer and continues through fall.
There are no vaccines to prevent or medications to treat WNV in people.
Fortunately, most people infected with WNV do not feel sick.
About 1 in 5 people who are infected develop a fever and other symptoms. A
bout 1 out of 150 infected people develop a serious, sometimes fatal, illness.
You can reduce your risk of WNV by using insect repellent and wearing long-sleeved shirts and long pants to prevent mosquito bites.

LACTOSE INTOLERANCE

Lactose intolerance is a condition in which you have digestive symptoms—such as bloating, diarrhea, and gas—after you consume foods or drinks that contain lactose. Lactose is a sugar that is naturally found in milk and milk products, like cheese or ice cream.
In lactose intolerance, digestive symptoms are caused by lactose malabsorption. Lactose malabsorption is a condition in which your small intestine cannot digest, or break down, all the lactose you eat or drink.
Not everyone with lactose malabsorption has digestive symptoms after they consume lactose. Only people who have symptoms are lactose intolerant.
Most people with lactose intolerance can consume some amount of lactose without having symptoms. Different people can tolerate different amounts of lactose before having symptoms.
Lactose intolerance is different from a milk allergy. A milk allergy is an immune system disorder.

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Dwarf Planets

According to the International Astronomical Union (IAU), which sets definitions for planetary science, a dwarf planet is a celestial body that – orbits the sun, has enough mass to assume a nearly round shape, has not cleared the neighborhood around its orbit and is not a moon.
The first five recognised dwarf planets are Ceres, Pluto, Eris, Makemake and Haumea.

The hypocenter

The hypocenter is the point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts.
The epicenter is the point on the earth’s surface vertically above the hypocenter (or focus), point in the crust where a seismic rupture begins.

What is a floor test?

A floor test is a legislative procedure through which an incumbent government that is suspected to have lost the majority is required to prove it still retains the confidence of the House.

The Chief Minister moves a motion seeking a vote of confidence, on which MLAs who are present in the House vote. If the majority of members vote in favour, the government survives; if the CM loses the vote, the government has to resign.

National Doctors’ Day

National Doctors’ Day is celebrated on 01 July every year in INDIA.
It was first observed on 01 July 1991 in the honour of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy.
July 01 happens to be his death and birth anniversary that coincides on the same date.
Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy (01 July 1882 – 01 July 1962) was a renowned physician, an educationist, a freedom fighter, a social worker and a politician.
He was awarded with the highest Indian civilian award, THE BHARAT RATNA on 04 February 1961.

National Statistics Day

National Statistics Day is celebrated every year on June 29 on the birth anniversary of the late Professor Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis to mark his contribution in the fields of statistics and economic planning.
He was a noted Indian scientist and statistician.
World Statistics Day is an international day to celebrate statistics. Created by the United Nations Statistical Commission, it was first celebrated on 20 October 2010.
The day is celebrated every five years.

The G7 Summit

Prime Minister of India, Shri Narendra Modi arrived in Munich, Germany on Sunday to attend the G7 summit to be held from June 26.
The G7 is an informal forum of leading industrialised nations, which include Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The first “World Economic Summit”, which later became the G7, was launched in 1975.
As of 2022, G7 countries make up 10% of the world’s population, 31% of global GDP, and 21% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
Most G7 countries also had a high level of gross debt, especially Japan (263% of GDP), Italy (151%) and the US (133%).

Padma Bridge

Bangladesh Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina inaugurated the country’s new landmark multipurpose ‘Padma Bridge’ on Saturday.
The Padma Multipurpose Bridge is a multipurpose road-rail bridge across the Padma River, the main distributary of Ganges, in Bangladesh.
It connects to Shariatpur and Madaripur, linking the southwest of the country, to the northern and eastern regions.
This is the longest bridge in Bangladesh that will significantly reduce the distance between the capital city of Dhaka to the Mongla sea port, which is important for regional and international trade.

International Olympic Day

Every year International Olympic Day is observed on June 23.
The day plays a significant role as it motivates people to participate in games and spread awareness of various sports-related activities.
This year’s Olympic Day theme is ‘Together for a Peaceful World’.
The first International Olympic Day was celebrated in 1948.
India has since won 35 medals across 24 Olympic Games – including golds, silvers, and bronze.
India started their maiden Olympic stint with Norman Pritchard at the 1900 Paris Olympics.

The Tropic of Capricorn

The Tropic of Capricorn or the Southern Tropic lies at 23.5 degrees south of the Equator and passes through South America, Africa, and Australia.

Mahi River

Mahi River is the only river in India that cuts the Tropic of Cancer twice, first in Madhya Pradesh from where it flows towards Rajasthan and enters Gujarat where it cuts for the second time.

Deadly earthquake hits Afghanistan

An earthquake measuring 6.1 on the Richter scale shook Afghanistan and Pakistan early on Wednesday with the epicentre about 44 km from Khost city in Afghanistan and was at a depth of 51 km.
At least 1,000 people have reportedly died and around 1,500 have been injured in an earthquake that shook eastern Afghanistan early Wednesday.

Summer Solstice

June 21 marks the longest day of the year for the Northern hemisphere. Called the summer solstice, it occurs when one of Earth’s poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun.

Milankovitch Cycles:

Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth’s movements on its climate over thousands of years.
The term was coined and named after Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milankovic.

The Milankovitch cycles include:

The shape of Earth’s orbit, known as eccentricity;
The angle Earth’s axis is tilted with respect to Earth’s orbital plane, known as obliquity; and
The direction Earth’s axis of rotation is pointed, known as precession.

Yu Shan

Yu Shan or Yushan, also known as Mount Jade, is the highest mountain in Taiwan at 3,952 m (12,966 ft) above sea level.
Yu Shan is the highest mountain on or adjacent to the Tropic of Cancer.
It is the highest point in the western Pacific region outside of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
During Japan’s rule in Taiwan, the mountain became known as Mount Niitaka or Niitakayama.

Equinox

An equinox is an event in which a planet’s subsolar point passes through its Equator.
On the day of the equinox, the Sun appears to rise “due east” and set “due west”.
This occurs twice each year, around 20 March and 23 September.

World Blood Donar Day

Celebrated every year by people around the world on June 14.
It is celebrated on the birthday anniversary of Karl Landsteiner on June 14, 1868.
Landsteiner was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of the ABO blood group system
The event was organised for the first time in 2005, by a joint initiative of the World Health Organization, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.
Transfusion of blood and blood products helps and save millions of lives every year.
Theme 2022 -‘Blood donation is an act of solidarity. Join the effort and save lives’.

Manas national park

Manas national park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
The site provides critical and viable habitats for rare and endangered species, including tiger, greater one-horned rhino, swamp deer, pygmy hog and Bengal florican.
It is located in the Himalayan foothills in Assam. It is contiguous with the Royal Manas National Park in Bhutan.
The name of the park is originated from the Manas River.
The Manas river is a major tributary of the Brahmaputra River.

World Ocean day

The United Nations designated June 8 as World Ocean Day to raise awareness about ways to safeguard the seas.
The theme for World Ocean Day 2022 is “Revitalisation: Collective Action for the Ocean”.

Telangana Formation Day

Telangana Formation Day is observed on June 2.
On 2nd June 2014, the northwestern part of Andhra Pradesh was separated, and Telangana was created with Hyderabad as its capital.
Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao was elected as the first chief minister of Telangana.
State Bird – Palapitta (Indian Roller or Blue Jay).
State Animal – Jinka (Deer).
State Tree – Jammi Chettu (Prosopis Cineraria).
State Flower – Tangedu (Tanner’s Cassia)

World Bicycle Day

World Bicycle Day is observed on June 3.
The day is marked to spread awareness about the benefits of using a bicycle.
According to the United Nations, the day highlights the “uniqueness, longevity and versatility of the bicycle”.
The day is observed since 2018 after a resolution was passed by the United Nations, during its 72nd Regular Session of the United Nations General Assembly.

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The Chabahar plan had three main objectives —